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The social mobility is the movement of individuals and groups from different socioeconomic positions. The vertical mobility is a shift up or down the socioeconomic ladder. Of those earning properties, income or position is said to move upward, while those who lose them move down. In modern societies also abounds lateral mobility, which refers to the geographical shifting from one neighborhood to another or between cities and regions. Often the vertical and lateral mobility are combined (a worker who stands if you change your branch and up elsewhere).
mobility can be studied in two ways: by analyzing how individuals move up or down during his lifetime work ( intragenerational mobility) or to consider how far the children have the same type of work that parents (intergenerational mobility ).
The degree of vertical mobility that occurs in a society is a key indicator of the level of "openness", pointing to what extent an individual born in a lower layer can move up the socioeconomic ladder. One of the best known studies on mobility in industrial societies was made by Seymour Martin Lipset and Reinhard Bendix in 1959. Analyzed nine industrialized societies, Britain, France, West Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Denmark, Italy and the United States focusing on the mobility of people from blue-collar workers to white collar. They found no evidence that the United States was more open than European societies. They concluded that all industrialized countries were experiencing similar changes with respect to the expansion of white collar jobs.
vertical downward mobility is less frequent, but it is also widespread. This mobility is often associated with anxiety and psychological problems, when individuals are unable to maintain the lifestyle to which they are accustomed. The dismissal is another factor causing the decline. In societies
modern many believe is possible for anyone to reach the top if you work hard and with enough evidence, however so far the figures indicate that very few succeed. What is this? First, it should be noted that even in a very fluid society, achieved only a small minority access to higher positions. At the top, socio-economic order is made like a pyramid and there are only a few positions of power, status or wealth. In addition, those in positions of power and wealth have many opportunities to perpetuate their advantages and pass them on to their offspring. They can get their children to have the best education possible and this tends to take them to the best jobs.

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justifications of inequality

Following a classification similar to that made Max Weber said that a society can legitimately stratification by three criteria:
1. The tradition or custom. They reproduce certain conceptions of life from generation to generation and try to perpetuate. It is argued that "has always been that way and teaches individuals to accept and recognize certain types of social structure. (This justifies the work of the girls at home.)
2. The ideological justification . It is based on tradition and seeks to justify more systematically a certain system of beliefs or ways of understanding life in common. This justification has been strongly linked to religious beliefs and is now closely linked to some use of mass media. (Nietzsche's view on Christianity: religion that promotes the resignation of the poor. The division of castes and their reflection on religion.)
3. The legal justification . Refers to the system of laws under the authority of the state, guarantee the existence of a system of ranking, and rewards.

have to wonder why they willingly accept the conditions of inequality and what psychosocial mechanisms influencing the decisions of the individual. GH Mead as the individual sets up a self-image based on the reactions of others to our actions. It is through others as we define who we are. This process is called self .
In a social structure are the members of the lower classes who tend to have lower self and an image of themselves as people who do not deserve more. There are some very important aspects to understand this low score:
education. The working-class children learn to respect authority just because, while the middle class and upper-middle are encouraged to greater independence and confidence in their abilities.

The occupational structure. in their jobs are members of the lower classes in positions in which often must obey. This obedience increases the feeling of inferiority.
media. The images received by the working class itself through film and television are on one side and negative on the other usually appear as resigned to his situation, accepting that they have to live in the worst conditions of the system. (Example: The documentary Bowling for Colubine: the image of blacks in the news. The information about the Roma are often negative or folklore, but there is no reference to the large number of Roma who are workers, lawyers, teachers, doctors, etc.).
Although these mechanisms promote acceptance of differences and inequality, not can be said to accept any situation of inequality. If the social structure was so rigid it does not allow social mobility, individuals think that the only way to transform that structure would be through conflict or revolution. Therefore, the vertical upward mobility, which allows moving from one social and occupational situation to another senior, is a key not only to the most disadvantaged, but also for the elite, because that way better legitimize their position without endangering its rewards.

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social stratification and inequality. Elements of study. FAMILY

Preliminary questions:
1. Define your own words as follows:
role, status, social differentiation, social inequality and affirmative action.
2. Do you think that social stratification is needed? Is it inevitable? Should it be denied? Justify your previous answers.
3. There are numerous social groups accept their inferior status. What do you think that is? Often

is often seen as the individuals themselves are responsible for their situation in society and belonging to a certain level within it. However, sociology to analyze this issue does not give much importance to the changes that can develop a person throughout his life, by contrast, focuses his study on the presence of different forms of social structure. These are largely the cause of the location of individuals at different social levels.
In the analysis of social structure a very important concept is the role . It's called social role of social behavior expected or required of an individual depending on the situation you are. In social life, all play roles, roles that make the rest of us expect a certain behavior. The existence of these roles facilitates coexistence, it is expected that each individual interprets his role well and understand the role of the other. In addition, the activity of an individual is not merely represent a single role: each person is in different situations in which plays different roles. One woman, for example, may play different roles: teacher, mother, member, host, etc.
The concept of role is associated with the status. This is the level or social position occupied by the individual in a given social structure. An individual occupies a status when others recognize values \u200b\u200bthat are associated with that position. The status is reflected in certain signs (signs of status) that show the economic level, family prestige, power, fame or professional status of a person. Notes

signs of status in any employment, profession or activity.

is called status-set the set of status that an individual occupies at a given time. For example, a person may be director of a school, submissive husband, cheated consumers by a telephone company ...
Among the different statuses a person occupies one of them becomes more important seems to identify it more strongly. This is known dominant status. In the former case, the person is especially valued by his status as director.
social position occupied by a person is related, first, to the situation he inherited from his family and, secondly, his own personal effort. called ascribed status which receives the individual without recourse to taking action to achieve it. This is a type of inherited status. The inheritance of wealth, titles or offices in some families is associated with such status. The achieved status or achievement refers to the social position achieved through the personal interest and effort the individual.
To produce changes in social structure, so that there is mobility, there should be social differentiation. Social differentiation is the existence of individuals with different qualities and social roles. No differentiation is the same inequality. When talking about social inequality, is understood not only differentiation but unequal access to resources, rewards and social status. The social stratification
refers to the presence of layers or levels within society. In principle, it appears that stratification and inequality are the same, but there is one important difference: the institutionalization. There is talk of stratification social when not only find that there is inequality, but also has established that inequality in society and has become institutionalized. In this case, social recognition, it is considered that there is stratification because this is the normal way of working. Historically we can distinguish some forms of stratification: slavery, caste systems, feudal systems and systems estates or class.

looking for information on the castes of India and on slavery.